Patent race! The defeat of the mexican pharmaceutical industry
This paper discusses the activity of patent of the national fharmaceutical industry, in particular the dynamics of patent of local companies is compared with the transnational ones, between 1980-2006. In an industry based on the science and of easy imitation-like it is the case of the pharmaceutical industry-, the patent is the natural technological strategy of protection and the mean of appropriation of the derivate benefits of the innovation. This work seeks to demestrate that a drastic change of the system of patents, it can generate two effects in oneself sector: to impel of to destroy a competitor of the career of patents in fucntions of the accumulated technological capacities, such it is the cas of the mexican pharmaceutical industry. The results give evidence of the defeat of the mexican pharmaceutical companies in relation to the transnational ones.
Federal Budgeting and Public Spending Volatility: Congress versus the Executive
The politic struggle for power is focused in the distribution of federal budget. This is reflected in the Congress and in the budgetary alterations of the Public Purse Secretary. Althoungh, this doesn't mean a better accountability of public resources in form automatic. The public expenditure decreases and it accounts for 22.4% of Gross Domestic Product in 2008, but doesn't assure greater discipline of public expenditure. Around 91% of public expenditure already has a predetermined allocation or commitment. The remaining 9% is redistributed by The Congress and Public Purse Secretary, by means of allocation or seattling of scores that provoke an over-exercise of under-exercise. The Law of Federation Superior Auditing considers checking the public account, but does not think about strict regulatiosn, which prevent the change in use of resources in future elections.
Competitiveness in the Paraguayan Livestock and Meat Sector
In this work the Porter´s theory is used to determine how solid is the competitiveness of the cattle and meat sectors of Paraguay. During the studied period, it was found that the use of more technology has allowed the improvement of the endowment determinant factor that traditionally has been the strongest domestic, it was also strengthened in a very significant way, the determinant corresponding to the related sectors that presented more weakness and back wardness in the last two decades. At the same time Paraguay maintained an excellent level in the other two determinant corresponding to in structure, rivalry and demand. We can therefore affirm that Paraguay has consolidates the competitiveness of its cattle and meat sectors in the last decades.
Puerto Madero Chiapas, now Puerto Chiapas: A Forgotten Heritage
In Mexico there have existed, there exist and there will surely continue existing some civil works that once begun they never end, such it is the case of Puerto Madero in the sovereingn state of Chiapas, that one thah remains in spite of the grat apparent strategic value that represents for the society, unconcluded, obsolete and abandoned. The initiatives for the construction of the port date of the XIX and XX centuries, being born erratically with serious atrophies and limitations like a port agricultural exporter, dedicated to the transportation and the commercialization of called "exotic" products of great value in the international market and those that thanks to the commercial oponing that Mexico experienced during that period, it propitiated a peak to the production and the consumption of the different tropical agricultural goods, taken place in the region. In this article there are consigned step to steo the initiatives that led to that that now constitutes the same por infrastructute of Puerto Madero that visually appears materially abandoned.
Learning and Information on Preference Parameters
This paper uses a Bayesian learning model to measure the amount of information that an individual gains on his/her utility function after consuming an initial amount of a generic good. To do so, a learning model on the parameters determining the preferences of a rational individual is developed. In this framework, Fisher´s information (1950) is used to measure the amount of information containes in the parameters of the agent's satisfaction index once consumption has startes. by using Fisher's information and Jeffreys´ rule (1961) a priori distribution on the parameters is constructed, which allows to treat information as a variable.
The Health Care Act in the United States seeks to cover a small proportion of the population that does not have access to the minimum necessary health coverage. There are public programs known as Medicare, Medicaid to absorb the uninsured population. These public programs make the population that does not have medical coverage decrease, but there is still a population without coverage. There is also a program for children, which includes integrating children who do not have medical coverage into the program, reducing the number of children without health services.
Strategies for innovation in Mexico from 2007-2012
In the XXI century, especially the last decade, innovation has become a subject of great importance for all countries. It has been related to Research, Development and Innovation (R+D+i) with economic growth through an increase in production and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), this is a study of technology and innovation strategies in Mexico for the R + D +i Strategies in the National Development Plan 2007-2012 and the Special Program of Science, Technology and Innovation (PECiTI) 2008-2012; and the results obtained from these strategies in the GDP and in the Survey on Research and Technological Development, Module on Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (ESIDET-MBN 2012) prepared by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI, 2012), specifically worked with the data referring to innovation strategies.
Leadership and social capital in civil society organizations that benefit from SCP
Social capital represents a mechanism to achieve social objectives, which tends to reproduce itself through the links of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). These organizations implement projects to serve vulnerable groups, particularly through public resources such as the Social Co-Investment Program (PCS). In this field, leadership processes have the capacity to mobilize resources that lead to new social realities, depending on different situations that members face in these organizations. The objective of the document is twofold. First, it identifies the characteristics of the situational leadership used in the recurrent CSOs of the PCS in the 2009-2012. Second, it describes the importance of the leadership process in the creation of social capital in CSOs. A two-section questionnaire is applied to a sample of 141 CSOs. In the first part, the proposal of Hersey et al. (2001) of the LEAD-Self instrument and in the second one, it is sought to establish the perception of the respondents about the contribution of that leadership. Leadership processes are observed with low levels of efficiency, flexibility, breadth and adaptability, conditioning the creation of social capital and, therefore, the effectiveness of projects co-financed by the PCS.
political copetence and municipal performance in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, during the period 1994-2010
This paper analyzes the relationship between political competition and performance of municipal governments in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Following the political contestability approach, political competition indicators are built on a sample of 207 municipalities in Veracruz for the period 1994 to 2010. Similarly indicators are used in water and drainage to measure municipal performance. The results show that political competition in Veracruz municipalities has started to decline since 2007 (after following a growing trend since 1994) and that the influence on the municipal performance is more important on the level of drainage coverage and the rate of growth of potable water.
Stability of monetary demand. Empirical analysisfor: Brazil, Chile and Mexico
Using cointegration techniques, an econometric scrutiny of the demand for money in Brazil, Chile and Mexico for the period 1980-2015 is carried out; this is done with the aim of confronting two theoretical positions related to the behavior of money demand: the Keynesian that asserts its instability, against Friedman’s monetarist stance that supports the existence of a demand for stable money. The acquired evidence supports the instability of the demand for money in the three countries studied.
Optimal portfolios in the Mexican stock market minimizing a coherent measure of risk subject to expected returns and short sales constraints
This paper is aimed at obtaining optimal portfolios formed with assets from the Mexican stock market that minimize a coherent measure of risk subject to contraints on expected returns and short sales. In particular, the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is used as the objective function according to the methodology proposed by Rockafellar and Uryasev (2000). This allows to calculate the optimal weights (optimal proportions) of any sign for the CVaR at different levels of confidence through a linear programming problem. Finally, empirical evidence shows that, in the Mexican case, the optimal CVaR with nonnegative weights provides better results than those from VaR during the period 2014-2016.
Effect of the Structure of Public Debt on the Development of Economic Activity in Mexico
To evaluate the convenience of modifying the structure of the national debt of Mexico, this paper realized diverse estimations that try to verify the effect that the changes in the internal national debt have on the behavior of the economic activity. It founded evidence that changes in the internal debt affects the interest rates, besides those changes in the interest rates have affected the investment level. However the relation is weak, which means that there isn,t irrefutable evidence indicating that a change in the structure of the public portfolio might affect the economy, therefore it concludes that this motive would nos justifies a change in the structurre of the portfolio of the federal goverment.
Interesting Features of Contemporary Schools of Economic Thought.
The present paper aims at offering a coherent view of the development path of contemporary schoools of economic thought and its implications for the teaching of economics in the near term. Its vision is necessarily hypothetical and preliminary.
Application of Financial Theory to Establish Hedging Strategies for the Risk of Electricity Supply Shortages and Price Volatility.
This paper presents the investigation realized in the frame of reference of the supply of electric power, to evaluate portfolios of converge of risk of supply anda variation of the price on having considered changeable conditions and the effect of strategic decisions for the application of economic resources in the production of electricity in Mexico. With an approach that goes form the particular thing to the general thing, it is analized the application of real options to shape the effect of the contracts of supply of fuels, and to evaluate the strategies of coverage integrated in portfolios to reduce the risk price and deficit of supply.
Government as a Promoter of Technological Change: A Learning-Based Growth Model.
This paper is aimed at developing an endogenous growth model in which the gevernment acts as a promoter of technology generation through its spending. The macroeconomic equilibrium that is consistent with the learning process of the agents´ preferences is characterized and the level of government spending, intended to generate new technologies, that maximizes the economic welfare of the agents when they are subject to such learning process is established. One of the major findings of this research is that there is a positive impact on economic growth when the goverment acts as a promoter of thechological change. Moreover, the impacts on economic welfare from changes in spending, taxes, and prices are assessed. Finally, there is a calibration of the model in which the level of goverment spending that generates a change in technological conditions is determined.
Descriptive analysis: How to deal with technologyto post-traumatic stress disorder ?: case Mexico
It has been shown that earthquakes have been the cause of sychosomatic diseases in cities where there have been natural disasters, the objective of this article is to propose the management of virtual reality tools for the study of diseases such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aimed at people who have been exposed to natural disasters such as earthquakes in Mexico City.
The impact of the efficiency of the basic siefores inthe users based on the net performance
The aim of this investigation is orientated to quantify the impact of the efficiency of the basic siefores in the users, stocks in the net performance. The used method, it consisted of using statistical tools, and econometrics, for compiling and evaluating the statistical information of the consar, on the Net performance, to verify the efficiency of the managing of this saving. The originality of the present investigation, it consists, in that there has not been in use the net performance, in the analysis of this problem and to clarify the managing of the basic Siefores. Whiting the limitations of the investigation, this limited clarity that the financial institutions present in his functioning and information to the users. The study concludes that are counted the Siefores that give him a suitable, reliable and sure managing to the savings of the workers, and that with it could have a calm retirement.
New international order past, present and future, 1945 to 2020
The main objective of this research is to present how the New International Order (NOI) was built and constituted, consolidating itself through the creation of international financial and commercial organizations and made up of the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations Organization, the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade-World Trade Organization, without forgetting the historical political context in which it developed, since after the Second World War, the hegemony of the United States of North America was consecrated. The purpose of this world order is to impose the capitalist mode of production in all regions of the world. With the above, it is necessary to understand that in this 21st century, the United States as the main representative of capitalism and one of the great winners. Although since the beginning of this 21st century this country has been found in various crises and is debating the economic and political power of the world, between China and Russia.
Public policies and power a vision of public decisionsfrom the point of view of political anthropology
The following dissertation is divided into three main sections: Firstly, the precise meaning of the power phenomena-from the mixed sociology and political anthropology points of view-is weighted. At this point, a modest description of the power phenomena in the no human animals is mentioned. Subsequently, the political power phenomena will be exposed with a combination of authority relations and domination-submission explanation, in where hierarchisation of the global societies is explained. At last the research of the economic power will be deepenely studied, where through three analytical aspects we can contemplate how public policies are nothing more than a behavior expression, the objectives and vision of economic operators from collective decisional apparatus which are permeated by the subjacent havocs in political ambiances and social realities that are severely asymmetrical.
Oil wealth and its impact on growth economic activity of Mexico, duringthe period 1979-2011
The exhaustible resources and specifically liquid hydrocarbons in situ, are considered as a patrimony of a nation-state because they are assets that can be inherit from one generation to another, and it is convenient to find a social optimal exploitation between generations. In this paper a quantitative valuation is carried out about oil wealth. This valuation begins with the amount of proved oil reserves that was in situ in Mexico the years of 1979 and 2011. To achieve this, it is necessary to calculate the present value of the expected profit margins during the productive life of resources. By other side, it has been developed a comparative analysis about the oil industry performance in Mexico and in world. The most relevant findings were: on the one hand, the continued decline in the volume of proven oil reserves in Mexico since 1982, against the continued increase in the world and, on the other hand, the accelerated decrease in the production of the Cantarell promissory complex.
Revisiting Birnbaum-Chávez and Diamond-Dybvigmodels on bank runs: do runs depend only on economicfundamentals or also on psychological factors?
This paper is aimed at revisiting and extending Birnbaum-Chávez’s (1997) y Diamond-Dybvig’s (1983) models by incorporating new psychological parameters. The proposed extension is useful to show that the level of optimism/pessimism and the risk aversion of individuals, as well as the importance (or weight) that individuals assign to the possible outcomes of the economy can make the suspension of convertibility, the bank deposit insurance and the government tax preventive policy insufficient mechanisms to avoid bank runs.
Internacional trade performance and economicgrowth in Mexico
Mexico’s international trade with the rest of the world is an important element in the performance of its economy. In the last twenty years there has been an significant opening to the rest of the world. The theory that supports this research is the so-called Thirlwall Act, which states: “The unfavorable trade balance of the current accounts of the balance of payments is a restriction on the growth of the economy”1 The objective of this research proposes the exposure of a structural problem presented by Mexico’s international trade related to the concentration of exports in the US market, it also includes two major structural deficiencies linked to the evolution of imports and exports, which significantly affect favorable GDP dynamics. Finally, this research demonstrates the validity of referred Law in Mexico’s foreign trade by using an internal absorption model.
Mexican handicrafts: economic developmentstrategy and foreign trade promotion
The aim of the paper is to propose the commercialization of Mexican handicrafts at the international level as a strategy for the economic development of the country. Also as a factor of impulse to foreign trade. It analyzes the participation of these goods in Mexican exportations and the way in which they generate income for artisans in different regions of the country. In addition, it proposes commercial strategies to increase the volume of products sent abroad from the artisanal sector. The document does not describe in detail all the regions and the crafts that these produce; it offers a wider panorama of the region of Tenango de Doria in which tenangos are embroidered. Recent statistics and specific documents related to particular aspects of the research are illustrated.
Prospects for the informal economy in Mexico
Informality continues to be one of the biggest problems facing economies around the world; not only because of its negative implications for tax collection, but even more so because of its atrocious consequences on collective welfare. It is therefore the “precarization of employment”, a phenomenon that marginalizes the population, the abandonment of social security and immersed in insufficient wages that lead to poverty. The objective of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of informality in Mexico, providing updated data that describe the phenomenon and broadening the panorama of the economic and social implications that this entails. We emphasize the State’s actions in face of this imminent problem and a series of proposals aimed at mitigating its effects are proposed.
Bitcoin, a speculative bubble?Analysis of the parametric stability oftime series for the period 2009-2018
Bitcoin is the most known exchange cryptocurrency today, represents a potential alternative to FIAT money. In this paper we analyze the price changes over time to determine if there is a price bubble driven by irrationality. Using parametric stability from the time series of the bitcoin price, we found the presence of a structural break during the periods of 2017 and 2018, which conduct to a change in the time series. Our findings confirm the formation of a price bubble during this period of time.
Determinants of the emigration of mexicans abroad:application of the equation of gravity
In the present study, a modified severity model for migration was estimated, with the objective of determining which variables influence the Mexican population that decides to emigrate abroad. We worked with panel data considering 57 destination countries of Mexican emigrants. To estimate the model, components from both Mexico and the destination country were included, which would allow us to appreciate the behavior of emigration in Mexico. The explanatory variables were: GDP per capita, unemployment rate, distance and whether or not they speak a common language. Statistically significant variables at a confidence level of 90%, 95% and 99% were; unemployment in the foreign country, the distance between Mexico and the country of destination of the emigrants and the mastery of a common language.
Convergence, capital accumulation,and the world-system analysis
This article relates unweighted inequality between countries to the levels of the stock of capital per capita between countries. Based on the World-System analysis, we show that capital accumulation plays a key role in peripheral countries catching up the leading countries, however, in the World-System accumulation is a difficult result to achieve to peripheral countries. Using two databases (The Maddison Project and Penn World Tables), we show in this article that, through several indexes, between countries inequality increased from 1950 to 2008 and the minimal increase of the growth rates of the poor countries. Subsequently, we observed that inequality in the stock of capital per capita has increased and the scarce increase of the investment in the poor countries.
Origin and Functioning of Cryptocurrencies
This research aims to analyze the nature, technological foundations, and evolution of cryptocurrencies within the financial system, as well as their global market reach. It examines their historical origins linked to the 2008 financial crisis, describes their operational pillars (blockchain, cryptography, and consensus mechanisms), and analyzes the factors that determine their value. The relationship between market capitalization, technical design (including supply limits), and use cases of the ten leading cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, XRP, BNB, Solana, USD Coin, Dogecoin, Cardano, and TRON) is explored. The research identifies those cryptocurrencies do not constitute a homogeneous category but are classified according to their function, which can be a means of payment, infrastructure, or service, directly influencing their valuation. It is also highlighted that the market is clearly hierarchical and segmented by the function of each one, Bitcoin as a store of value (fixed supply: 21M), Ethereum as programmable infrastructure, and stable coins (USDT, USDC) as pillars of liquidity (no supply limit). Market capitalization and circulation directly reflect adoption and perceived utility. It is concluded that, despite the challenges, cryptocurrencies represent a transformative financial innovation. Their consolidation will depend on technological maturation, widespread adoption, and the development of regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with user protection and system stability.
This essay aims to provide an answer to the question of usefulness of mathematics in economics, not from the perspective of explaining arithmetic exercises, but from a more holistic viewpoint—that is, the consequences for the population regarding its knowledge and understanding. Supported primarily by empirical evidence from the PISA assessment, it discusses how other countries have achieved growth and improvements when they have a higher level of mathematical literacy. The work consists of—in addition to an introduction—four sections: students, academic rigor, science and technology, and finally, economic growth. This text is intended as a starting point for internal, and if possible, external debate. It is important to emphasize that correlation does not imply causation; therefore, while mathematics is present in major economies, it is not the sole reason for their success.
Trends and Economic Effects of China’s Expansion in Latin America within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative
This article examines the main trends in economic relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The People’s Republic of China has significantly expanded its presence in the region by focusing on strategic sectors linked to natural resources and logistics, thereby strengthening its economic and geopolitical influence. The analysis shows that the expansion of Chinese trade and investment—driven by large-scale imports of minerals and agricultural products, as well as major infrastructure projects—has stimulated growth in several South American countries but has also deepened patterns of unequal exchange and generated new forms of dependence on the Chinese market and on the volatility of international commodity prices. Consequently, China–Latin America relations combine short-term economic opportunities with a growing structural subordination of the region to the Chinese economy.